This systematic review examines the effectiveness, challenges, and implications of openbook exams (OBEs) in higher education. Following PRISMA guidelines, 20 studies published
between 1950 and 2025 were analysed, involving 3349 participants across 11 countries. The
review found that OBEs consistently reduce test anxiety by shifting focus from rote memorization
to understanding and application. They promote critical thinking and higher-order skills,
encouraging deeper engagement with learning materials and fostering self-directed learning.
However, benefits depend on proper implementation, preparation strategies, and question design.
While OBEs align with real-world applications and offer potential to transform assessment
practices, challenges include over-reliance on materials and variability in student preparation.
When thoughtfully designed and executed, OBEs can serve as a powerful tool for holistic student
development and better preparation for professional environments.