Soil microbial communities play a crucial role in influencing agricultural productivity, particularly in semi-arid environments. This study aims to investigate the dynamics of soil microorganisms and their impact on crop yield across different semi-arid regions. Utilizing a comparative approach, soil samples were collected from experimental farms in Iran, Australia, and New Zealand. Advanced genomic techniques, such as 16S rRNA sequencing, were employed to analyze microbial diversity and abundance. The findings revealed significant variations in microbial composition, correlating with differences in soil texture, moisture levels, and organic matter content across the sites. Notably, higher microbial diversity was associated with increased crop yields, underscoring the importance of microbial health in sustainable agriculture. The study concludes that enhancing soil microbial diversity through targeted agricultural practices could substantially improve crop productivity in semi-arid regions. These insights contribute to the development of more effective soil management strategies, promoting resilience against climate variability and ensuring food security.