Biodiversity, a critical indicator of ecosystem health, faces numerous threats from anthropogenic activities. This study explores the influence of land use changes on biodiversity across Mediterranean and tropical ecosystems. The objective is to understand how agricultural expansion, urbanization, and deforestation impact species diversity and ecosystem functionality. The research employs remote sensing and field surveys over a decade to track biodiversity patterns in specific regions. Advanced statistical models were used to identify correlations between land use change and species richness. Findings indicate a significant reduction in biodiversity in areas subjected to intensive agricultural practices and urbanization, with tropical regions showing faster decline rates compared to Mediterranean areas. Conversely, regions implementing sustainable land management practices exhibited stabilization or slight increases in biodiversity levels. The study concludes that strategic land use planning and conservation efforts are crucial in mitigating biodiversity loss. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of integrating local communities in conservation initiatives to ensure sustainable ecosystem management. These insights contribute to global biodiversity conservation efforts, offering guidance for policy makers and stakeholders in both regional and international contexts.