The Yerukulas, a tribal population subsisting traditionally on agriculture, animal husbandry and handicraft trade, inhabit largely in plains of Southern Indian states specifically, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The demographic information regarding occupation, economic status, fertility and mortality, age of children was collected. The present study of tribal population with moderately high fertility and mortality shows a picture of a growing population. The Sex ratio was slightly deviated to the predominance of males. The inbreeding co-efficient for autosomes is 0.0381 and sex chromosomes is 0.0438 in the Yerukula tribe, and the overall inbreeding coefficient is 0.081 that is relatively high due to more number of uncle-niece marriages. In postnatal deaths, neonatal deaths in non-consanguineous and infantile deaths in consanguineous couples are higher than their counterparts. The index of variability of fertility is higher in non-consanguineous couples and proportion of surviving offspring is higher in consanguineous couples. However, the percent offspring mortality is higher in non-consanguineous couples. Thus, improving socioeconomic conditions and creating awareness on medical facilities to reduce the fertility and mortality are essential to keep the population growth under control.